Albert Einstein
- Born:
- March 14, 1879, Ulm, Württemberg, Germany
- Died:
- April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
- Nationality:
- German (until 1896), Swiss (1901–1955), Austrian (1911–1912), American (1940–1955)
- Profession(s):
- Theoretical Physicist
Early Life and Education
- Born in Ulm, Germany to Hermann Einstein and Pauline Koch.
- Initially showed a perceived slowness in development, but excelled in mathematics and physics from an early age.
- Renounced his German citizenship in 1896.
- Attended the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich, graduating in 1900.
- Obtained a doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1905.
Career and Major Achievements
- Worked at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern from 1902 to 1909.
- Published four groundbreaking papers in 1905, often referred to as his "annus mirabilis" (miracle year).
- Developed the theory of special relativity, revolutionizing our understanding of space, time, mass, and energy.
- Formulated the mass-energy equivalence, expressed by the equation E=mc².
- Developed the theory of general relativity, a geometric theory of gravitation and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
- Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.
- Emigrated to the United States in 1933 due to the rise of Nazism in Germany.
- Worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey until his death.
Notable Works
- "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (1905) - Introducing special relativity.
- "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?" (1905) - Introducing E=mc².
- "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" (1905) - Explaining the photoelectric effect.
- "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity" (1916).
- "Relativity: The Special and the General Theory" (1916) - A popular exposition of relativity.
Legacy and Impact
Albert Einstein's contributions to physics fundamentally changed our understanding of the universe. His theories of relativity are cornerstones of modern physics, and his work influenced the development of atomic energy and other technologies. He remains a symbol of scientific genius and intellectual curiosity.
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